Measurement of single Coffea canephora leaf spectro-polarimetric bidirectional reflectance factor dataset.

This work aims to connect polarization techniques with directional relations of the leaf Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) by differentiating specular and diffuse reflectance. To do this, a single leave BRDF of Coffea canephora Pierre (Coffee) was captured by a Liquid Crystal Tuneable Filter (LCTF) camera in the 460-780 nm wavelength range with a linear polarizer. The advantage of using an image of the multispectral LCTF camera is that it is able to crop surface area of a leaf, which means it can select an arbitrary size of the field of view and identify the leaf area. We have been building the automatic goniometer with LCTF camera in a laboratory for complete BRDF measurement.

Anticoagulant effects of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin levels on the protein C pathway in young children.

The protein C (PC) pathway involves physiological anticoagulant factors (PC, protein S [PS], and factor V) and performs major anticoagulant functions in adults. Variations in overall PC pathway function due to dynamic changes in PC and PS in early childhood are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the contributions of PC pathway function during early childhood by measuring changes in plasma thrombin generation (TG) after administration of the PC activator protac. We evaluated correlations between anticoagulant factors and percentage of protac-induced coagulation inhibition (PiCi%). Before protac addition, TG in newborns (n = 35), infants (n = 42), young children (n = 35), and adults (n = 20) were 525 ± 74, 720 ± 96, 785 ± 53, and 802 ± 64 mOD/min, and PiCi% were 42.1 ± 9.9, 69.8 ± 11.0, 82.9 ± 4.4, and 86.9 ± 3.4%, respectively. The distribution of PiCi% on the two axes of TG (with or without protac) changed continuously with age and differed from that of warfarin-treated plasma and adult PC- or PS-deficient plasma. PiCi% increased dynamically during infancy and correlated with PS levels in newborns and PC levels in young children. Addition of PC or fresh frozen plasma equivalent to approximately 25% PC to PC-deficient plasma improved PiCi%. This automatic measurement requires only a small sample volume and is useful for analysis of developmental hemostasis.

Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 under acidic conditions.

OBJECTIVES: Streptococcus gordonii is associated with the formation of biofilms, especially those that comprise dental plaque. Notably, S. gordonii DL1 causes infective endocarditis (IE). Colonization of this bacterium requires a mechanism that can tolerate a drop in environmental pH by producing acid via its own sugar metabolism. The ability to survive acidic environmental conditions might allow the bacterium to establish vegetative colonization even in the endocardium due to inflammation-induced lowering of pH, increasing the risk of IE. At present, the mechanism by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions is not thoroughly elucidated. The present study was thus conducted to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions. METHODS: We analyzed dynamic changes in gene transcription and intracellular metabolites in S. gordonii DL1 exposed to acidic conditions, using transcriptome and metabolome analyses. RESULTS: Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in heat shock response and glycolysis, and down regulation of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems and biosynthesis of amino acids. The most upregulated genes were a beta-strand repeat protein of unknown function (SGO_RS06325), followed by copper-translocating P-type ATPase (SGO_RS09470) and malic enzyme (SGO_RS01850). The latter two of these contribute to cytoplasmic alkalinization. S. gordonii mutant strains lacking each of these genes showed significantly reduced survival under acidic conditions. Metabolome analysis revealed that cytoplasmic levels of several amino acids were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: S. gordonii survives the acidic conditions by recovering the acidic cytoplasm using the various activities, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.

Urinary lumirubin excretion in jaundiced preterm neonates during phototherapy with blue light-emitting diode vs. green fluorescent lamp.

Phototherapy converts lipophilic unconjugated bilirubin to hydrophilic bilirubin photoisomers, such as lumirubin. We comparatively used a blue light-emitting diode (LED) and a green fluorescent lamp (FL) as light sources for phototherapy of hyperbilirubinemic preterm neonates with the aim of examining potential differences in urinary lumirubin excretion between these two wavelengths. Urinary lumirubin levels were measured using a fluorescence assay with blue light exposure in the presence of the unconjugated bilirubin-inducible fluorescent protein UnaG, and denoted as urinary UnaG-bound bilirubin (UUB)/creatinine (Cr) (µg/mg Cr). Preterm neonates born at ≤ 33 weeks gestational age and treated with phototherapy were subjected to this study. The maximum UUB/Cr level during phototherapy per device intensity was compared between neonates treated with the blue LED and the green FL. A total of 61 neonates were examined to determine the maximum UUB/Cr levels. The median of maximum UUB/Cr excretion per light intensity of each device (µg/mg Cr/µW/cm2/nm) was 0.83 for the blue LED and 1.29 for the green FL (p = 0.01). Green light was found to be more effective than blue one for bilirubin excretion via urinary lumirubin excretion. This is the first spectroscopic study to compare the efficacy of phototherapy at different wavelengths using fluorescence assay.

Phylloquinone is preferable over menadione as a growth factor for Porphyromonas gingivalis.

OBJECTIVES: Porphyromonas gingivalis is the etiological agent of chronic periodontitis. Menadione (vitamin K3) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1) are well-known growth factors for P. gingivalis, while menadione is widely used in growth experiments. Here we attempted to determine the differences in phylloquinone and menadione in P. gingivalis growth experiments, which have not been well studied to date. METHODS: We investigated the effects of menadione and phylloquinone on the growth of two W83 strains and seven ATCC 33277 strains of P. gingivalis. RESULTS: The ATCC 33277 strains grew well with phylloquinone at 2.9 µM in a complex medium (nutrient medium) and at 29 µM in two minimal media. In contrast, the W83 strains grew well without menadione or phylloquinone in three different culture media. Menadione at 2.9 µM, the conventionally used concentration for culturing P. gingivalis, supported the growth of most ATCC 33277 strains but inhibited the growth of some W83 and ATCC 33277 strains. Furthermore, menadione at 14.5 µM frequently inhibited cell growth, while phylloquinone at 145 µM promoted cell growth. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that menadione and phylloquinone act as growth factors for ATCC 33277 but that menadione also can inhibit P. gingivalis growth. Thus, we propose that phylloquinone be used instead of menadione in P. gingivalis growth experiments requiring vitamin K.

Risk factor analyses for intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants can experience severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) that can lead to life-long disability by impairing neurodevelopment. The aim of this study was to identify the risk and protective factors for severe IVH in VLBW infants. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional review of VLBW infants born at 22-28 weeks' gestation between January 2003 and December 2012 and listed in the Database of Neonatal Research Network in Japan was performed using a statistical model incorporating an odds ratio (OR) and medical center variation as a center variance ratio (CVR). A two-dimensional analysis using a combination of OR and the CVR described evolving measures of a clinical trial (for OR > 1) and standardization (for CVR > 1) concerning a factor of interest. RESULTS: The noteworthy significant protective factors were antenatal steroids (ANS) with and without premature rupture of membrane (OR: 0.43, CVR: 1.08, and OR: 0.68, CVR: 1.14, respectively) and the number of neonatal beds (OR: 0.94, CVR: 0.99) and staff nurses per neonatal bed (OR: 0.89, CVR: 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Active promotion of ANS administration and consolidation of perinatal medical centers can mitigate the development of severe IVH in VLBW infants.

[Asymptomatic Left Atrial Appendage Aneurysm:Report of a Case].

We successfully performed resection of a large asymptomatic left atrial appendage aneurysm( LAAA) under non-cardiac arrest. Although the patient was asymptomatic, chest X-ray showed projection of the third left aortic arch, and computed tomography angiography showed a huge left atrial appendage aneurysm. Therefore, we decided to perform LAAA resection via a partial median sternotomy. Aneurysmectomy was performed by placing the patient on pump beating heart. The size of the resected aneurysm was approximately 80 mm in diameter. Because the base of the LAAA was constricted and the tissue was not fragile, resection was performed using an automatic excision anastomosis device( Echelon Flex). The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Left atrial appendage aneurysm is believed to be congenital;however, it is often detected in adulthood. Long-term follow-up is necessary to ensure maintenance of optimal cardiac function.

Ferroelectric Ionic Molecular Crystals with Significant Plasticity and a Low Melting Point: High Performance in Hot-Pressed Polycrystalline Plates and Melt-Grown Crystalline Sheets.

Among ferroelectric crystals based on small molecules, plastic/ferroelectric crystals are currently receiving particular attention because they can be used as bulk polycrystals. Herein, we show that an ionic molecular ferroelectric crystal, guanidinium tetrafluoroborate, exhibits significant malleability and multiaxial ferroelectricity despite the absence of a plastic crystal phase. Powder samples of this crystal can be processed into transparent bulk crystalline plates either by press-forming or by melt-growing. The plates show high ferroelectric performance and related properties, demonstrating the largest hitherto reported spontaneous polarization for bulk polycrystals of small-molecule-based ferroelectrics. Owing to the ready availability of large-scale materials and processability into various bulk crystalline forms, this ferroelectric crystal represents a highly promising functional material that will boost research on diverse applications as bulk crystals.

An ionic silver coating prevents implant-associated infection by anaerobic bacteria in vitro and in vivo in mice.

Currently, implants are utilized clinically for bone transplant procedures. However, if infectious osteomyelitis occurs at implant sites, removal of bacteria can be challenging. Moreover, altered blood flow at peri-implant infectious sites can create an anaerobic environment, making it more difficult to treat infection with antibiotics. Thus, it would be beneficial if implants could be modified to exhibit antibacterial activity, even in anaerobic conditions. Here, we show antibacterial activity of silver ions coated on titanium rods, even against the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we implanted silver-coated or control uncoated titanium rods along with P. gingivalis in mouse femoral bone BM cavities and observed significantly inhibited P. gingivalis infection with silver-coated compared with non-coated rods, based on in vivo bio-imaging. Osteonecrosis by infectious osteomyelitis and elevation of the inflammatory factors C-reactive protein and IL-6 promoted by P. gingivalis s were also significantly reduced in the presence of silver-coated rods. Overall, our study indicates that silver ion coating of an implant represents a therapeutic option to prevent associated infection, even in anaerobic conditions or against anaerobic bacteria.

Single-stage arterial switch operation conversion with dextro-transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary arterial hypertension due to baffle leak after a Senning procedure.

Patients who have undergone an atrial switch operation for dextro-transposition of the great arteries (dTGA) sometimes suffer from right ventricular dysfunction, tricuspid regurgitation, arrhythmias, or baffle leaks. We report the first case of single-stage arterial switch operation conversion in an adult patient with dTGA and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to a baffle leak after a Senning procedure. Perioperative mechanical circulatory support was required for 3 weeks. Although chronic kidney disease persisted, her left ventricular function and pulmonary hypertension improved over the first postoperative year. This is a rare case, and we believe that the patient's PAH might have helped the left ventricle withstand systemic pumping for over two decades. Learning objective: Patients with dextro-transposition of the great arteries may face problems after an atrial switch operation because their right ventricle is responsible for systemic pumping. Staged arterial switch operation conversion is a strategy that can combat these problems but increases the risk of perioperative mortality. Pulmonary arterial hypertension allows for single-stage arterial switch operation, but the operative risk may be higher.

Calcium ions and vitamin B12 are growth factors for Porphyromonas gingivalis.

BACKGROUND: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a causative agent of chronic periodontitis. Standard strains of P. gingivalis, such as W83 and ATCC 33277, proliferate in minimal medium when protein is added as the energy source and hemin and menadione are added as growth factors. Nevertheless, minimal medium containing bovine serum albumin sometimes fails to support growth. HIGHLIGHTS: The proliferation of two W83 strains and seven ATCC 33277 strains in various minimal media was investigated. Previously, we determined that calcium chloride (CaCl2) was a growth factor for W83NM, a W83 strain. In this study, we found that vitamin B12 enhanced the proliferation of W83NM in a minimal medium with cultures from the fourth passage but not from the first to the third passage. Therefore, using fourth-passage cultures, we assessed the proliferation of two W83 and seven ATCC 33277 strains in minimal media and the effects of CaCl2 and vitamin B12. Surprisingly, the nine P. gingivalis strains all differed with respect to their proliferation in minimal media, and protein products used as energy sources showed product-to-product and lot-to-lot heterogeneity. Even though strains or protein products were different, we found CaCl2-dependent growth in nine strains and vitamin B12-dependent growth in seven strains. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that calcium ions and vitamin B12 are novel growth factors for P. gingivalis.

Protein C system in preterm babies with chronic lung disease: Prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lung disease (CLD) is a major neonatal pulmonary disorder associated with inflammation. Recent studies have shown that protein C anticoagulant pathways, such as those for protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and thrombomodulin (TM), could be useful indices for reflecting pulmonary injury. However, the involvement of these factors in preterm infants with very low birthweight (VLBW) who have developed CLD remains to be investigated. Here, we investigated whether PC pathway-related factors could predict the development of CLD in preterm infants with VLBW. METHODS: We collected plasma samples from 26 preterm infants with VLBW (13 each from those with and without CLD) at the time of birth and measured TM, PC, and PS levels in their plasmas. We analyzed prospectively the relationship between these factors in infants with and without CLD. RESULTS: There were significant differences in gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score (5 min), and duration of mechanical ventilation between the CLD and non-CLD groups. No significant differences in the PC and PS levels at birth were observed between the two groups, whereas the TM levels in the CLD group were significantly higher than those in the non-CLD group (P = 0.013). The TM levels correlated with gestational age and duration of mechanical ventilation. However, covariance analysis demonstrated that gestational age was significantly associated with TM levels, and consequently, development of CLD was not associated with TM level at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombomodulin, PC, and PS levels at birth could not predict the development of CLD in preterm infants with VLBW.

Noninvasive monitoring of bilirubin photoisomer excretion during phototherapy.

Lumirubin is the most prevalently excreted hydrophilic bilirubin photoisomer in phototherapy for neonatal jaundice caused by excess hydrophobic unconjugated bilirubin (ZZ-bilirubin). We developed a simple method to estimate the amount of lumirubin by monitoring the reverse photoisomerization of lumirubin to ZZ-bilirubin. Although lumirubin formation was long considered irreversible, exposure to blue light in the presence of the fluorescent protein UnaG, which binds specifically and tightly to ZZ-bilirubin, enables the reverse photoisomerization of lumirubin. This reaction was first detected using a fluorescence assay of neonatal urine sampled during phototherapy and purified lumirubin. The phenomenon of reverse photoisomerization of lumirubin was validated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which confirmed that lumirubin is reconverted to ZZ-bilirubin in the presence of UnaG. Analyses of 20 urine samples from 17 neonates revealed a significant correlation (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.978; 95% confidence interval 0.867-0.979; P < .001) between lumirubin and ZZ-bilirubin concentration before and after reverse photoisomerization. In general, the rate of photo-reconversion of lumirubin to ZZ-bilirubin is approximately 40%. In conclusion, we demonstrate here that lumirubin can be photo-reconverted to ZZ-bilirubin via exposure to blue light in the presence of UnaG. Utilizing this approach, urinary lumirubin levels can be estimated using an easy-to-perform fluorescence assay.

[Double Switch Operation for Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries after the Loose Pulmonary Artery Banding].

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries( ccTGA) is a rare complex cardiac anomaly, where the heart twist and the ventricles are reversed during fetal development. Through a double switch operation (DSO), the morphologic left ventricle (LV) can be corrected back to pumping blood for systemic circulation. For successful DSO, the morphologic LV may need training with a pulmonary artery banding (PAB) before surgery. There have been reports of early LV failure in patients who underwent PAB training and a DSO, due to rapid pressure loading on the myocardium. We reported a case of DSO in a 16 years old male after prolonged LV training with a loose PAB. He was scheduled for a DSO, due to severe tricuspid regurgitation( TR). At eight years old, he underwent a loose PAB training with left ventricular pressure to right ventricular pressure ratio (LVp/RVp) of 0.5. After eight years, the LVp/RVp ratio increased to 0.77;he successfully underwent a DSO with good LV function.

Hemagglutinating properties of a Streptococcus gordonii strain expressing sialic acid-binding adhesin homolog with low binding site similarity to that of strain DL1.

OBJECTIVES: The Hsa adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii strain DL1 was previously identified as a hemagglutinin that binds specifically to sialoglycoconjugates. We recently found that among oral streptococcal species, S. gordonii strains most frequently express Hsa homologs on the bacterial cell surface. However, the effect of amino acid sequence diversity of nonrepetitive region 2 (NR2), a putative binding site of Hsa, on antigenicity and hemagglutinating (HA) properties is unclear due to difficulties in DNA sequencing the NR2 coding region. The aim of this study was to elucidate the similarity of the low NR2 antigenicity Hsa homolog of strain NDU1118 to that of strain DL1 and the association of the homolog with HA properties of the strain. METHODS: The hsa homolog of NDU1118 was sequenced using a long-read next-generation sequencer, and the Hsa homolog was assessed by alignment analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences. The hsa mutant of NDU1118 was generated by insertion of the erythromycin resistance gene. The HA properties of the wild type and the hsa mutant were assessed with human erythrocytes. RESULTS: The NR2 amino acid sequence of the NDU1118 Hsa homolog was almost identical to that of the S. gordonii M99 Hsa homolog, also known as GspB, and less similar to that of DL1 Hsa. The hsa mutation of NDU1118 induced reduction of HA activity in untreated erythrocytes, but surprisingly increased lactose-inhibitable HA activity in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the existence of an adhesin other than the Hsa homolog on the cell surface of NDU1118.

Expression and diversity of the sialic acid-binding adhesin and its homologs associated with oral streptococcal infection.

Streptococcus gordonii, one of the early colonizers of oral biofilms, is involved in the development of dental caries, periodontal disease, and infective endocarditis. The Hsa adhesin of S. gordonii DL1 has the ability to bind strongly to the terminal sialic acid groups of host glycoproteins via the binding region, nonrepetitive region 2 (NR2), which is important for the pathogenicity of S. gordonii DL1. Low similarity with the NR2 of Hsa homologs among other streptococcal species has been reported. However, the reports have been limited to certain strains. This study attempted to assess frequency of the expression on the bacterial cell surface and to analyze the diversity of Hsa homologs among different wild strains of oral streptococci. We isolated 186 wild-type strains of oral streptococci from healthy volunteers and analyzed their hemagglutinating (HA) activity on human erythrocytes and their Hsa homologs and NR2 homologous regions by dot immunoblotting using anti-Hsa and anti-NR2 antisera, respectively. We found 30 strains reacted with anti-NR2 antiserum (NR2 positive) and determined the sequence of the NR2 regions. Many strains with high HA activity were also NR2 positive, suggesting that the NR2 region may be associated with HA activity. Among the NR2-positive strains, four different amino acid sequence patterns were observed, demonstrating diversity in the NR2 region. Notably, S. gordonii strains frequently possessed Hsa homologs and NR2-like antigens compared with other streptococci. It is speculated that the possessing frequency of Hsa homologs and the amino acid sequence of NR2 region may vary among streptococcal species.

Favorable prognosis of vaccine-associated immune thrombocytopenia in children is correlated with young age at vaccination: Retrospective survey of a nationwide disease registry.

Childhood vaccine-associated immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has a mostly favorable prognosis. To identify factors associated with prognosis, a retrospective survey was conducted with children with ITP who were registered in the Japanese Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology registry from 2008 to 2011. A total of 477 patients were categorized into four groups by event preceding ITP onset: vaccine-precedence (VP; n = 43), vaccine/infection-precedence (VIP; n = 34), infection-precedence (IP; n = 162), and no vaccine/infection-precedence (NVI; n = 238). Compared to IP and NVI, VP and VIP were significantly younger at diagnosis, with the age distribution peaking at infancy, and more frequently had favorable prognosis. Time to platelet recovery to 100 × 103/µL was significantly faster for VP and VIP than NVI. Multivariate Cox regression analysis with sex, age at diagnosis, infection-precedence, and vaccine-precedence as variables revealed age < 36 months (HR 0.992, 95% CI 0.989-0.995; p < 0.001) and male sex (HR 0.770, 95% CI 0.623-0.952; p = 0.015) as associated factors, but not infection-precedence (p = 0.149) or vaccine-precedence (p = 0.650). In subgroup analysis in patients < 36 months, age at diagnosis (p < 0.001) was the only associated factor. Favorable prognosis of childhood vaccine-associated ITP is correlated with young age at vaccination, but not with vaccination itself.

Streptococcus gordonii DL1 evades polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated killing via resistance to lysozyme.

Streptococcus gordonii is an etiological bacterial agent of infective endocarditis. Although the pathogenesis mechanisms are not well understood, the interaction between streptococci and phagocytes is considered important for the development of infective endocarditis. Previous studies show that some S. gordonii strains, including DL1, survive in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), whereas other strains such as SK12 are sensitive to PMN-dependent killing. In this study, we assessed the differences between the sensitivity of S. gordonii DL1 and S. gordonii SK12 to PMN-dependent killing. S. gordonii DL1 showed a higher survival when treated with PMNs than SK12. Both S. gordonii DL1 and S. gordonii SK12 showed high resistance to low pH condition. Compared to S. gordonii SK12, S. gordonii DL1 was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. However, the resistance of S. gordonii DL1 to the tested bactericidal agents, especially lysozyme, was higher than that of SK12. Furthermore, we performed a bactericidal assay by treating a mixture of S. gordonii DL1 and SK12 with PMNs. S. gordonii DL1 did not enhance the survival of S. gordonii SK12 exposed to PMNs. These results indicated that S. gordonii DL1 is resistant to bactericidal agents that degrade bacteria in phagolysosomes. In addition, there was no secretory factor involved in the resistance to bactericidal agents. The findings of this study may help develop treatments for infective endocarditis caused by S. gordonii.

UV-Induced Formation of Ice XI Observed Using an Ultra-High Vacuum Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscope and its Implications for Planetary Science.

The occurrence of hydrogen atom-ordered form of ice Ih, ice XI, in the outer Solar System has been discussed based on laboratory experiments because its ferroelectricity influences the physical processes in the outer Solar System. However, the formation of ice XI in that region is still unknown due to a lack of formation conditions at temperatures higher than 72 K and the effect of UV-rays on the phase transition from ice I to ice XI. As a result, we observed the UV-irradiation process on ice Ih and ice Ic using a newly developed ultra-high vacuum cryogenic transmission electron microscope. We found that ice Ih transformed to ice XI at temperatures between 75 and 140 K with a relatively small UV dose. Although ice Ic partially transformed to ice XI at 83 K, the rate of transformation was slower than for ice Ih. These findings point to the formation of ice XI at temperatures greater than 72 K via UV irradiation of ice I crystals in the Solar System; icy grains and the surfaces of icy satellites in the Jovian and Saturnian regions.

Stabilization of Interfacial Polarization and Induction of Polarization Hysteresis in Organic MISIM Devices.

Molecule-based ferroelectrics has attracted much attention because of its advantages, such as flexibility, light weight, and low environmental load. In the present work, we examined an organic metal|insulator|semiconductor|insulator|metal (MISIM) device structure to stabilize the interfacial polarization in the S layer and to induce polarization hysteresis even without bulk ferroelectrics. The MISIM devices with I = parylene C and S = TMB (=3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine)-TCNQ (=tetracyanoquinodimethane) exhibited hysteresis loops in the polarization-voltage (P-V) curves not only at room temperature but also over a wide temperature range down to 80 K. The presence of polarization hysteresis for MISIM devices was theoretically confirmed by an electrostatic model, which also explained the observed thickness dependence of the I layers on the P-V curves. Polarization hysteresis curves were also obtained in MISIM devices using typical organic semiconductors (ZnPc, C60, and TCNQ) as the S layer, demonstrating the versatility of the interfacial polarization mechanism.